|
A
|
-
 
|
|
-
|
|
@
|
Used
in an e-mail address, the @ sign joins a user name
on the left with the server that hosts the
electronic mailbox. The @ sign is now the standard
protocol worldwide for email addresses.
|
|
ACK
|
Acknowledgment.
A message returned to indicate that changes
requested to a domain name record are acceptable.
Also used in programming code to indicate that a
block of data arrived without error.
|
|
AlterNIC
|
Alternative
Network Information Center. An alternative root
server system and registry system outside Internet
governance that administers top level domains not
already in use. See http://www.alternic.net
|
|
APNIC
|
Asia
Pacific Network Information Center. See
http://www.apnic.net
|
|
ARIN
|
American
Registry for Internet Numbers. A non-profit
registry responsible for the administration and
registration of Internet Protocol (IP) numbers in
North and South America, South Africa, the
Caribbean and all other regions administered
currently managed by Network Solutions, Inc.
ee http://www.arin.net
|
|
arbitrary
name
|
Names
which bear no relationship to the products,
services, or companies they identify. Arbitrary
names are protectable under trademark
law.
|
|
arbitration
|
A
legal remedy for dispute resolution outside a court
in which the parties submit their grievance to an
impartial arbitrator or tribunal. The decision
(award) on the dispute is binding on the
parties.
|
|
architecture
|
The
boundary or interface between two successive sets
of subsystems.
|
|
ARPA
|
Advanced
Research Projects Agency, the central research and
development organization for the U.S. Department of
Defense (DoD). By 1972, a "D" was added to indicate
the connection to the DOD. See also
DARPA.
|
|
ARPANET
|
A
pioneering network of Advanced Research Projects
Agency computers under the authority of the U.S.
Department of Defense. Predecessor to the Internet,
ARPANET was an experimental network developed in
the late 1960s by the U.S. Department of Defense to
create a communications link which would enable
ARPA scientists and research contractors to share
their resources and ideas. The network was designed
to survive breakdowns along any of its connections,
in case of a nuclear attack, through use of
individual packet switching computers
interconnected by leased lines. If a connection
broke down, the packets could be automatically
re-routed.
|
|
ASO
|
Address
Supporting Organization. One of three supporting
organizations that submits policy recommendations
to the ICANN board.
|
|
authentication
|
The
verification of the identity of a person or
process.
|
|
B
|
|
|
backbone
|
In a
hierarchical network, a backbone is the top level
transmission path into which other transit networks
feed.
|
|
Bigfoot
Letter
|
A
cease and desist letter or warning notice sent to a
domain owner threatening legal action if domain
name rights are not terminated within a specified
period, usually 30 days. This was named after a
humongous, hairy humanoid of Western lore, said to
live in the mountains of the Pacific
Northwest.
|
|
BIND
|
Berkeley
Internet Name Domain. BIND software, developed by
the University of California at Berkeley,
implements a DNS server and a resolver library that
enables clients to store and retrieve resources or
objects and share this information with other
resources on the network. The BIND server runs in
the background, servicing queries on a well known
network port. Most Internet hosts run BIND. See
http://www.isc.org/bind.html
|
|
boot
file
|
The
file containing contains names, authorizations, and
pointers to zone database files.
|
|
bot
|
Abbreviation
for robot, the word is used to describe programs,
usually run on a server, that automate tasks such
as forwarding or sorting e-mail.
|
|
brand
|
A
name or symbol used to identify the source of goods
or services, and to differentiate them from those
of others. Branding protects a seller's products
against those marketed by competitors and imitators
and helps consumers identify the quality,
consistency, and imagery of a preferred
source.
|
|
browser
|
Software
that lets users look at various types of Internet
resources. Browsers can search for documents and
obtain them from other computers on the network.
The most common browsers are Netscape Navigator and
Microsoft Explorer.
|
|
BTW
|
Abbreviation
for "by the way," an acronym frequently used in
e-mail messages.
|
|
C
|
|
|
CERN
|
Conseil
Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (European
Center for Particle Physics) located in Geneva,
Switzerland. See http://www.cern.ch
|
|
CIC
|
Committee
on Information and Communications, one of eight
committees within a U.S. cabinet-level council
which facilitates coordination of science, space,
and technology policies across the Federal
government.
|
|
CISE
|
Computer
and Information Science and Engineering. A group
within the National Science Foundation. See
http://www.cise.nsf.gov
|
|
CIX
|
Commercial
Internet Exchange. CIX was originally the agreement
between PSI, Uunet, CERFnet, and US Sprint
(Sprintlink), to let the traffic of any member of
one network flow without restriction over the
networks of the other members. CIX represented the
vast majority of the commercial Internet until late
in 1994. See
http://www.cix.org
|
|
Class
A Network
|
Part
of the Internet Protocol addressing scheme; a
network that can accommodate 16 million
hosts.
|
|
Class
B Network
|
Part
of the Internet Protocol addressing scheme; a
network that can accommodate 65,000
hosts.
|
|
Class
C Network
|
Part
of the Internet Protocol addressing scheme,; a
network that can accommodate 256 hosts; Class C
addresses were too small for many organizations,
which opted for Class B instead. When available
Class B address began to be seriously depleted in
the early 90s, CIDR (Classless Inter Domain
Routing) was created to enable groups of Class C
address to be used together.
|
|
client
|
A
computer system employed in networking; also called
a host or a server. A workstation requesting the
contents of a file from a file server is a client
of the file server.
|
|
CNRI
|
Corporation
for National Research Initiatives. A non-profit
organization dedicated to formulating, planning and
carrying out natonal-level research initiatives on
the use of network-based information technology.
CNRI was founded in the 1980s by Robert Kahn
(co-author with Vint Cerf of the TCP/IP protocol)
as a civilian Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA). CNRI currently houses the
secretariat of the Internet Engineering Task Force.
See http://cnri.reston.va.us
|
|
coined
name
|
Unique,
made up names. These are afforded the strongest
possible protection as trademarks.
|
|
configuration
file
|
Holds
the complete database of second level domain names
registered under a particular top level domain.
Eachroot server has a configuration file used to
resolve names under given TLDs.
|
|
congestion
|
when
offered load exceeds the capacity of a data
communication path. Congestion occurs when there is
too much traffic on the Internet and all the server
requests cannot be processed quickly.
|
|
COM
|
A
top level domain name denoting commercial entities
such as corporations. .In Internet addressing
protocol, .COM indicates a site used by individual
proprietors and businesses, large and small. COM is
the largest category of top level domains in the
world.
|
|
consensus
|
An
informal method for identifying approval of a
proposal placed before a group. Consensus is not
the same as unanimity. It is sometimes used as a
political tool and may be proclaimed without
individual voting but may not necessarily be an
accurate assement of the group's general
desires.
|
|
copyright
|
Protection
from misuse or appropriation afforded to literary,
musical, artistic, photographic and audiovisual
works through numerous international treates and
federal statutes.
|
|
CORE
|
Internet
Council of Registrars established by the Generic
Top Level Domains Memorandum of Understanding. The
operational organization composed of authorized
registrars for managing allocations under gTLDs.
See http://www.gtld-mou.org/
|
|
country
code
|
A
two-character abbreviation for a country according
to the standards promulgated by ISO 3166. This
alpha code is used as a top level domain identifier
to assist root servers in finding a specific
computer address.
|
|
CREN
|
Corporation
for Research and Educational Networking, an
organization formed in October 1989, when Bitnet
and CSNET (Computer + Science NETwork) were
combined under one administrative authority. CSNET
is no longer operational, but CREN still runs
Bitnet.
|
|
CSNET
|
Computer
Science Research Network, an initiative to link
most of the computer science departments in the
United States by 1986. CSNET is no longer
operational,
|
|
CTM
|
Community
Trademark. The Maastricht Treaty of 1993
established uniform and expanded protection in all
European Union nations through the filing of a
single trademark application.
|
|
cyberglutton
|
Authors'
term for an individual or organizaition who
registers many domains in order to retain control
over a market area.
|
|
cybersleuth
|
An
individual who uses the resources available on the
World Wide Web for research. Generally applied to
someone who ferrets out information about
organizations, policies and procedures from the
abundance of material available on-line.
|
|
cyberspace
|
The
universe of information that is available from
computer networks and the society connected with
them. William Gibson coined the term in his
landmark novel, Neuromancer, published in
1984.
|
|
cybersquatter,
cybersquatting
|
A
name given to individuals who attempt to profit
from the Internet by reserving and later reselling
or licensing domain names back to the companies
that invested time and money in developing the
goodwill of the trademark. (From Intermatic v.
Toeppen No. 96 C 1982, 1996 WL 716892 at *6
(N.D.Ill. Nov. 26, 1996). "Cybersquatting" is the
deliberate, bad-faith and abusive registration of
Internet domain names in violation of the rights of
trademark owners.' S. Rep. 106-140, 106th Cong.,
1st Sess. 1999, 1999 WL594571 Abusive registration
of a domain names is defined by WIPO
as: 1) registration of a domain name which is
identical or misleadingly similar to a trade or
service mark in which the complainant has rights;
and 2) in which the registrant has no rights or
legitimate interests with respect to the domain
name; and 3) the domain name has been registered
and is used in bad faith.
|
|
cybervosity
|
A
noun coined by the authors and applied to very long
second level domain names.
|
|
D
|
|
|
.
|
The
"dot" is a standard Internet protocol used
worldwide to indicate the top domain file in the
DNS. It is a deliminiter which identifies an
address path to a particular file on a specific
computer.
|
|
DARPA
|
Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency, the central
research and development organization for the U.S.
Department of Defense (DoD). DARPA develops
innovative and often high risk technological
research ideas and protytpe systems for use by the
military. Formerly known as ARPA, it was funded
much of the development which led to the Internet
we use today. See http://www.darpa.mil
|
|
DDN
|
U.S.
Defense Data Network
|
|
descriptive
name
|
A
name which describes a product, service, or
company. Descriptive names often are generally not
protectable under trademark law unless they develop
a secondary meaning through widespread use. (S
ee secondary meaning.)
|
|
DIG
|
Domain
Internet Groper. DIG is a Unix-based program that
allows users to learn information from a DNS
site.
|
|
dilution
|
The
"whittling away" of a mark's distinctiveness or
capacity to identify and distinguish goods or
services, due primarily to another's use of a
similar or identical mark, even when the goods or
services are not related and there is no likelihood
of confusion.. The legal doctrine of dilution is
recognized in the statutes or case law of 31
states.
|
|
distributed
database
|
Several
different data repositories linked together
seamlessly so that it works for the user as if it
were one single database. A prime example in the
Internet is the Domain Name System.
|
|
DNCRI
|
Division
of Networking and Communications Research and
Infrastructure of the National Science
Foundation.
|
|
DNRC
|
Domain
Name Rights Coalition, a public policy advocacy
group. See http://www.domain-name.org
|
|
DNS
|
Domain
Naming System. The DNS is a general purpose
distributed, replicated, data query service. The
principal use is the lookup of host IP addresses
based on host names. The style of host names now
used in the Internet is called "domain name". which
offers a means of mapping an easy to remember name
to an Internet Protocol number. The DNS is
administered by the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority.
|
|
DNSO
|
Domain
Name Supporting Organization. One of three
supporting organizations that submit policy
recommendations to the ICANN board. See
http://www.dnso.org
|
|
DOC
|
U.S.
Department of Commerce. In the summer of 1997, the
DOC conducted a public inquiry into the
Registration and Administration of Internet Domain
Names. See also NOI. See
http://www.doc.gov
|
|
DOD
|
U.S.
Department of Defense. See http://www.defenselink.mil
|
|
doctrine
of laches
|
A
legal assertion that one party's failure to take
action in a timely manner causes harm to the
opposing party.
|
|
doctrine
of unclean hands
|
A
legal assertion that one party's actions were
egregious and the matter therefore should not be
heard.
|
|
domain
|
A
region of jurisdiction for name assignment and
content on the World Wide Web; an Internet location
that has name server (NS) records associated with
it.
|
|
domain
name
|
A
unique alpha-numeric designation to facilitate
reference to the sets of numbers that actually
locate a particular computer connected to the
global information network; any name representing
any record that exists within the Domain Name
System (DNS).
|
|
domain
name space
|
All
DNS host names fit into a name hierarchy, or tree,
known as the domain name space.
|
|
domain
server
|
A
computer system that hold all the records
associated with a particular domain and answers
queries about those names.
|
|
domain
trafficking
|
The
aftermarket in domain name registrations where
people offer to sell and buy rights to the
registered names.
|
|
dot
address
|
A
dotted decimal notation, the common notation for
Internet Protocol addresses of the form A.B.C.D;
where each letter represents, in decimal, one byte
of a four byte IP address. See also dotted
octet.
|
|
dotted
octet
|
The
Internet Protocol addressing approach for Internet
computers.
|
|
E
|
|
|
eDNS
|
Enhanced
Domain Naming System. An alternative root server
system outside Internet governance that administers
top level domain names not already in
use.
|
|
EDU
|
A
top level domain name abbreviation denoting
education in Internet addressing protocol. It is
used exclusively for four-year degree-granting
universities, colleges and other institutions of
higher learning.
|
|
EFF
|
Electronic
Frontier Foundation, an advocacy organization
established to address social and legal issues
arising from the impact on society of the
increasingly pervasive use of computers as a means
of communication and distribution of
information.
|
|
estoppel
|
A
legal action to restrain an opposing party's
contradictions
|
|
ETSI
|
European
Telecommunications Standards Institute. See
http://www.etsi.org
or http://www.etsi.fr
|
|
EU
|
European
Union. In 1993 by the Maastricht Treaty established
a continental union with economic, monetary and
political ties and intergovernmental coordination
of foreign and security policies among 15 European
countries.
|
|
EUNET
|
European
UNIX Network, Europe's largest Internet Service
Provider.
|
|
EUROISPA
|
European
Internet Services Provider Association. See
http://www.euroispa.org
|
|
expedited
arbitration
|
A
form of arbitration in which the process is
conducted and the decision (award) is rendered in a
particularly short time and at reduced cost. The
World Intellectual Property Organization uses
expedited arbitration as one of its methods of
dispute resolution.
|
|
F
|
|
|
FAQs
|
Acronym
for Frequently Asked Questions.
|
|
finger
|
A
software tool used for finding the e-mail address
of people on the Internet.
|
|
flame
|
An
online insult usually delivered by way of e-mail or
a newsgroup posting. Flaming is considered poor
"netiquette". (See also "netiquette").
|
|
FNC
|
Federal
Networking Council. A coordinating body serving as
a forum for networking collaboration of the federal
mission agencies. FNC membership consists of one
representative from each of 17 U.S. federal
agencies, including the Department of Energy,
Department of Education, Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency, Department of Commerce, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, National
Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation
and other federal agencies whose programs require
interconnected networks. See
http://www.fnc.gov/
|
|
forum
|
A
court of justice or judicial tribunal; a place of
jurisdiction or place where legal remedy is
pursued.
|
|
FTP
|
File
Transfer Protocol. The standard rules that govern
the transfer of files and programs over the
Internet. FTP allows files to be moved from one
computer to another over a network, regardless of
the types of computers or operating systems
involved in the exchange. FTP is also the name of
the program a user invokes to execute the
protocol.
|
|
G
|
|
|
GOV
|
A
top level domain name in Internet addressing
protocol inidcating a site used by governmental
institutions, specifically non-military government
sites.
|
|
gopher
|
A
menu-based system used fororganizing and retrieving
files and programs on the Internet. Gopher allows
access to files found on FTP servers, as well as to
files normally accessed through Telnet, Archie or
WAIS programs
|
|
gTLD
|
generic
top level domain. An internationally allocated
portion of namespace. The IAHC proposed the
creation of seven new gTLDs: .FIRM, .STORE, .WEB,
.ARTS, .REC, .INFO and .NOM. See
http://www.gtld-mou.org/
|
|
Guardian
|
The
security authorization and authentication mechanism
developed by Network solutions to protect domain
name, contact and host records from uauthorized
modification. Guardian is available free to all NSI
registrants.
|
|
H
|
|
|
hacker
|
A
person who delights in having an intimate
understanding of the internal workings of a
computers and computer networks in particular. It
is also used in the pejorative context to describe
a person who breaks into a computer network without
authorization and tampers with the system or its
contents.
|
|
handle
|
A
unique database identifier used by the InterNIC for
database functions. Every domain registrant has a
NIC handle that is created the first time the full
organization information is submitted to InterNIC
and subsequently incorporated into all associated
records. The InterNIC handle (or NIC handle) is
computer-generated by the registry and typically
uses the domain holder's initials followed by a
number.
|
|
hierarchy
|
A
body of persons or things ranked in grades, orders,
or classes, one above the other; in natural
sciences and logic, a system or series of terms of
successive rank (as classes, orders, genera,
species, etc.), used in classification.
|
|
hierarchical
routing
|
The
method used to reduce the size of the networks and
simplify the routing process. Each network is
subdivided into a hierarchy of networks, where each
level is responsible for its own routing. The
Internet has, basically, three levels: the
backbone, the mid-level, and the transit or stub
networks. The backbones route between the
mid-levels, the mid-levels route between the sites,
and each site routes internally.
|
|
hjacking
|
The
act of acquiring a second-level Internet domain
name identical to a famous name or trademark for
the purpose of obtaining a financial settlement
from the owner the name
|
|
hits
|
The
number of times a web page is accessed by any one
connected to the World Wide Web.
|
|
hold
status
|
Suspension
or deactivation of rights to use a domain name that
has been challenged by a trademark owner. A domain
name placed by NSI on hold status is unavailable
for use by any party.
|
|
home
page
|
The
front web page of an Internet site, which provides
links to other pages within the site.
|
|
host
|
In
early ARPANET terminology, a computer that allows
users to communicate with other host computers in a
network. Individual users communicate by using
programs such as e-mail, Telnet and FTP. More
recently, this machine is called either a server or
a client.
|
|
host
name
|
The
name given to a machine which is the part of the
Internet address located immediately left of the
"dot."
|
|
hosts
|
One
or more zone host files. Each file contains data
about machines in its zone. The location and names
of these files are specified in the boot
file.
|
|
HTML
|
Hypertext
Markup Language, the programming language used to
create content for the World Wide Web.
|
|
HTTP
|
Hypertext
Transfer protocol. The set of rules that govern the
transfer of most documents traveling over the
Internet. It appears at the beginning of every
Internet address.
|
|
hypertext
|
Text
that links one document directly to another at a
different computer location.
|
|
I
|
|
|
IAB
|
Internet
Architecture Board (formerly Internet Activities
Board), a technical body that oversees the
development of the Internet suite of protocols. IAB
is the coordinating and oversight body for the
actions of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) and the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF).
In June of 1992, the IAB, IETF, and IRTF were given
a new legal home under the aegis of the Internet
Society. The IAB's 13-member board manages hardware
and infrastructure concerns and assures that
computers through the Internet can continue to
communicate with each other. See
http://www.iab.org/
|
|
IAHC
|
International
Ad Hoc Committee. IAHC was a non-governmental task
force of eleven Internet experts drawn from
Internet-related boards. The IAHC proposed the
creation of seven new top level domains to relieve
the pressure on the COM top level domain and end
the monopoly control over its administration. It
was dissolved on May 1, 1997 after the signing
ceremony of the gTLD-MoU. See
http://www.iahc.org/
|
|
IANA
|
Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority. IANA is a
government-funded authority that assigns and
distributes international domain names and IP
numbers or Internet addresses and oversees the
Internet software protocols of the
officially-sanctioned root servers. It is the
central registry for various Internet protocol
parameters, such as port, protocol and enterprise
numbers, and options, codes and types. IANA is an
Internet service of the High-Performance Computing
and Communications (HPCC) Division of the
Information Sciences Institute (ISI), part of the
University of Southern California's (USC) School of
Engineering. See http://www.iana.org/
|
|
ICANN
|
Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. A
non-profit, public benefit California corporation
acknowledged by the Department of Commerce in
October 1998 to assume the functions of IANA as
part of the transfer of Internet administration to
the private sector. See http://www.icann.org
|
|
IEPG
|
Internet
Engineering Planning Group. A group principally
comprised of Internet Service Providers whose
objective is to promote a technically coordinated
operational environment on the Internet. See
http://iepg.org/
|
|
IESG
|
Internet
Engineering Steering Group, which is the governing
body for the IETF. It provides the first technical
review of Internet standards and is responsible for
day-to-day administration of the IETF The IETF
Secretariat is located at the Corporation for
National Research Initiatives (CNRI) which is
principally funded by the U.S. government.
See http://www.ietf.org/iesg.html
|
|
IETF
|
Internet
Engineering Task Force. Based in Hearndon,
Virginia, the IETF is the standards promulgating
body of the Internet. It is a major source of
proposals for protocol standards which are
submitted to the IAB for final approval. The IETF
is a large, open community of network designers,
operators, vendors, and researchers whose purpose
is to coordinate the operation, management and
evolution of the Internet, and to resolve
short-range and mid-range protocol and
architectural issues. Its quarterly meetings are
open to anyone who pays the registration fee to
attend. See http://www.ietf.org/
|
|
IN
|
Programming
code for Internet class of data (Internet
database)
|
|
industrial
property
|
Inventions,
trademarks, industrial designs, and appellations of
origin. Industrial property is afforded protection
according to numerous international treaties and
federal statutes.
|
|
INTA
|
International
Trademark Association, based in New York City. INTA
was founded in 1878 as the U.S. Trademark
Association. In 1993, it changed its name to
reflect its worldwide membership. See
http://inta.org
|
|
intellectual
property
|
Comprised
of industrial property and copyrights, chiefly in
literary, musical, artistic, photographic and
audiovisual works. Intellectual property is
afforded protection from imitation, infringement
and dilution according to numerous intenational
treaties and federal statutes.
|
|
Internet
|
International
network of networks, the world's largest network of
interconnected computers used by individuals,
organizations and business for the exchange of
information, goods and services. The Internet came
into being between the late 1970s and early 1980s
with the development and adoption of TCP/IP, which
allowed ARPAnet to join with other networks.
Although often thought of as synonymous with the
World Wide Web, the Internet encompasses much more
than just web servers and hypertext documents. The
major Internet services include electronic mail,
Usenet public discusion groups, and all of the
systems used to deliver software, text, music,
images and other works information between those
computers, including gopher, Telnet, FTP and
WAIS."The Internet is not a physical or tangible
entity, but rather a giant network which
interconnects innumerable smaller groups of linked
computer networks. It is thus a network of
networks." ACLU v. Reno, 929 F. Supp. at
830
|
|
Internet
address
|
A
32-bit quantity that uniquely identifies a node on
the Internet, i.e., both the network and the
specific host that a network application is running
on.
|
|
Internet
Draft
|
Draft
documents of the IETF and its working groups. They
are valid for a maximum of six months and may be
updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents
at any time. Very often, Internet Drafts are
precursors to RFCs. See also
RFC.
|
|
Internet
Secretariat
|
Provides
logistical and administrative assistance to the
various Internet governing bodies (IAB, IETF, IRTF,
IESG, etc). Agencies belonging to the FNC have
given enough funding to the Corporation for
National Research Initiatives (CNRI) to allow it to
house and pay for the expenses of the Secretariat
which includes staff positions for Executive
Director of the IETF and a Secretary for the
IESG.
|
|
InterNIC
|
A
registry responsible for name assignment within the
following top level domains: COM, EDU, NET, GOV and
ORG. InterNIC is a collaborative DNS infrastructure
project established in January 1993 as a result of
a NSF Cooperative Agreement awarding Network
Solutions, Inc., (NSI) the registration services
administration, AT&T the database services
management, and General Atomics, the information
services portion. See http://www.internic.net/
|
|
interpleader
|
A
seldom-used but long-established legal process that
traditionally is initiated by a third party to
resolve adverse claims between two other parties to
avoid the risk of inconsistent verdicts.
|
|
interstate
commerce
|
Commercial
transactions that cross state lines.
|
|
intrastate
commerce
|
Commercial
transactions that remain within a state.
|
|
IP
|
Internet
Protocol. The Internet Protocol, defined in
RFC
791,
is the network layer for the TCP/IP Protocol Suite.
It is a connectionless, best-effort packet
switching protocol.
|
|
IP
address
|
Internet
Protocol address. Every machine on the Internet has
a unique 32-bit numerical assignment which allows
computers and hosts on the network to locate it.
The IP address consists of a dotted octet, four
sets of numbers separated by dots. (For example:
204.146.46.8) If a machine does not have an IP
address, it is not officially on the
Internet.
|
|
IP
number
|
Internet
Protocol number (also referred to as Internet
address number) . It identifies the address of a
host or other intelligent device on the
Internet.
|
|
iPOC
|
interim
Policy Oversight Committee established by the
Generic Top Level Domains Memorandum of
Understanding (gTLD-MoU). See
http://www.gtld-mou.org
|
|
IPv4
|
Internet
Protocol, version 4, which is the current standard.
Under IPv4 only 128 Class A addresses can exist -
of which only 64 have been used.
|
|
IRTF
|
Internet
Research Task Force. The IRTF is chartered by the
IAB to consider long-term Internet issues from a
theoretical point of view and carry out
internetworking research experiments. Multi-cast
audio/video conferencing and privacy enhanced mail
are samples of IRTF output.
|
|
IS
|
Information
Services, a portion of the NSF Cooperative
Agreement awarded to General Atomics in 1993. IS is
one of three services comprising the
InterNIC.
|
|
ISI
|
Information
Sciences Institute, located within the University
of Southern California's (USC) School of
Engineering. ISI administers the .US top level
domain. See
http://www.isi.edu/
|
|
ISO
|
International
Organization for Standardization. ISO is a
voluntary, notreaty, worldwide federation of
national standards bodies founded in 1946. It
promotes the development of standardization to
facilitate the international exchange of goods and
services and cooperation in the spheres of
intellectual, scientific, technological and
economic activity. ISO includes one representative
from the national standards organizations of about
100 member countries. See http://www.iso.ch
|
|
ISO
3166
|
An
international standards agreement that establishes
two-character abbreviation codes for all sovereign
nations of the world using the Internet.
|
|
ISOC
|
Internet
Society, a non-profit scientific, educational
membership organization incorporated in 1992 in the
District of Columbia. ISOC facilitates and supports
the technical evolution of the Internet, stimulates
interest in and educates the scientific and
academic communities, industry and the public about
the technology, uses and applications of the
Internet, and promotes the development of new
applications for the system. ISOC provides a forum
for discussion and collaboration in the operation
and use of the global Internet infrastructure. The
development of Internet technical standards takes
place under the auspices of the ISOC with
substantial support from the Corporation for
National Research Initiatives under a cooperative
agreement with the U.S. government. See
http://www.isoc.org/
|
|
ISP
|
Internet
Service Provider; an business that provides
commercial access to the Internet
|
|
ITU
|
International
Telecommunications Union. A specialized agency of
the United Nations based in Geneva, Switzerland. It
was established in 1865 as the International
Telegraph Union and currently works on
telecommunications policy with governments and
private organizations. See http://www.itu.int
|
|
J
|
|
|
Java
|
A
popular scripting program for Internet web pages
that is not discussed anywhere in this
book.
|
|
K
|
|
|
killer
app
|
The
sine quo non software application program
de jour.
|
|
L
|
|
|
lame
delegation
|
A
designation for a registered second level domain
that remains inactivated for more than 90 days.
Some registries have a lame deligation policy that
outlines when such domain name assignments may be
returned to the available pool.
|
|
Lanham
Act
|
The
Lanham Act, Title 15 of the United States Code (l5
U.S.C. §1051-1128), is the federal statute
that defines and governs the registration and
rights of four types of marks--trademarks, service
marks, certification marks and collective
marks.
|
|
linguistics
|
The
study of the structure and development of a
language and its relationship to other
languages.
|
|
listserv
|
A
subject-specific automated e-mail system. Users
subscribe to a listserv, and they they are able to
comment on related topics and receive comments and
responses from other list subscribers, all by
e-mail. The domain policy listserv was a valuable
resource to the authors of this book. See
also mailing list.
|
|
M
|
|
|
Madrid
Protocol
|
A
treaty to correct objections to the Madrid
Agreement of 1891. By mid 1997, it had 19
signatories. The U.S. has not ratified the
agreement. See http://www.wipo.org/eng/iplex/wo_map0_.htm
|
|
mailing
list
|
A
subject-specific automated e-mail system that is
also called a listserv. Users subscribe to it, or
sign up to participate, and by e-mail they can
comment on a specific topic and receive information
about it from other subscribers. A mailing list may
be moderated. This means that messages sent to the
list are actually sent to an individual or
moderator , who determines whether or not to send
the messages on to everyone else.
|
|
Martian
|
A
humorous term applied to packets that turn up
unexpectedly on the wrong network because of bogus
routing entries. Also used as a name for a packet
which has an altogether bogus (non-registered or
ill-formed) internet address. [Source:
RFC1208]
|
|
mediation
|
A
non-binding dispute resolution procedure in which a
neutral intermediary, the mediator, assists the
parties in reaching a mutually satisfactory, agreed
settlement of the dispute. Mediation is one of the
dispute resolution approaches used by the World
Intellectual Propety Organization.
|
|
MIL
|
A
top level domain name denoting an abbreviation for
military. In Internet addressing protocol, . MIL
indicates a site belonging to a military branch or
organization.
|
|
MILNET
|
Military
Network is the production, non-classified TCP/IP
network of the U.S. Department of
Defense.
|
|
morpheme
|
Any
word or word part that conveys meaning and which
cannot be divided into smaller elements that also
can convey meaning. Morphemes usually occur with
relatively stable meaning in a variety of
contexts.
|
|
Mosaic
|
An
early browser that, because of its ease of use,
triggered the popularity of the
Internet.
|
|
MoU
|
Memorandum
of Understanding. A document of intent, used by the
IAHC to outline its proposal for creating seven new
top level domains to replenish the dwindling supply
of addresses on the World Wide Web and end the
monopoly over administration of the .COM top level
domain. The gTLD-MoU received the supporting
signatures of approximately 200 organizations
worldwide. On November 25, 1998, the U.S.
Department of Commerce entered into an MoU with
ICANN that outlines their collaborative
participation in transferring Internet
administrative functions to the private sector.
See http://www.gtld-mou.org
and http://ntia.doc.gov./ntiahome/domainname/icann-memorandum.htm
|
|
multilateral
|
Activities
on a near global level involving the agreement or
cooperation of a number of nations. The word is
commonly used in areas of international relations
such as treaties, agreements and trading
systems.
|
